This paper takes 27 industries in China’s manufacturing industry as research objects, measures the level of high-quality development of manufacturing industry comprehensively from two aspects of green development efficiency and export technology structure, and analyzes the influencing factors of high-quality development of manufacturing industry from two perspectives of internal factor supply and external environmental factors. It is found that the quality development level of China’s manufacturing industry has increased by 3.17% annually during the sample period. From the perspective of influencing factors, there is a virtuous cycle and demonstration effect of the development quality accumulated in the early stage, and then a continuous “quality improvement effect” is formed. The quality of internal factors such as technological innovation, human capital and factor endowment structure all contribute to the high-quality development of manufacturing industry, while only the development of production service industry contributes to the external environment. This paper expands the research scope of China’s high-quality development from the industrial dimension, and provides a realistic basis for promoting the high-quality development of manufacturing industry in the new development pattern.