The relative risk model is used to evaluate the ecological environment risk of the Silk Road Economic Belt, and its development trend is predicted based on the theory of ecological modernization. The research shows that taking water as the environmental receptor, drought climate disaster and population growth are the main eco-environmental risk sources of the Silk Road Economic Belt; Among the regions along the line, central and South Asian countries are in high ecological and environmental risk areas, and most countries in Europe are in low ecological and environmental risk areas. The Silk Road Economic Belt has a long way to go to achieve the goal of ecological modernization.