The protection of the mother river of the Yellow River is an important matter concerning the great renewal and sustainable development of the Chinese nation. It is necessary to “protect the river jointly and promote the river basin governance synergistically” on the level of the ecological civilization construction and the overall height of river basin.The government is the most critical subject in the pluralistic governance and the regulation of government responsibility is very important for the ecological and environmental protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin.Based on the present situation of water resources, land resources, forest resources and energy resources that constitute the ecological environment of the Yellow River basin, the actual situation of ecological environment in the Yellow River basin was extracted.By tracing the performance of relevant government environmental responsibility regulations at the national level, local level and river basin level, and exploring the problems existing in the regulation and practice of government environmental responsibility in ecological environment protection of Yellow River Basin,Finally, this paper puts forward the legal structure of the practice of government environmental responsibility in the Yellow River Basin from the following four aspects: the priority concept of government ecological environmental protection, the legislative quality of government ecological environmental responsibility, the construction of government ecological environmental responsibility, and the collaborative governance of government ecological environment.