The frequent occurrence of mass incidents has a serious impact on the stable and orderly development of our society. An in-depth understanding of the causes of the frequent occurrence of mass incidents, the excavation of the dilemma of mass incident governance, and the formation of a doctrinal logic are of great significance to improve the government’s ability to respond to mass incidents and optimize the decision-making process. Based on social learning theory, this paper establishes an event learning network with 81 cases of mass incidents caused by NIMBY and conducts network key event identification and network learning feature analysis. The study found that the demonstration effect of an event that has already occurred has a profound impact on the development process of similar events; events with similar characteristics are more likely to be learned; the learning process between group events promotes cognitive solidification. The findings of the study provide references and insights for improving the effectiveness of organizational learning in government response to mass incidents, exploring active learning paths for government decision-making, and improving the government’s social governance capacity.