As a newly discovered pollutant, microplastics exhibit many characteristics that are different from traditional pollutants. From the perspective of Risk Society Theory, the governance of microplastics is necessary. At present, the lack of legal recognition of microplastics, the inadequate regulatory power of the current legal framework on microplastics pollution and the contradictory application of the law reflect the discrepancy between the current environmental legal framework and the ideal paradigm of microplastics governance in terms of regulatory objects, regulation styles and concepts. In the future, we should gradually establish the microplastics governance concept of risk communication, long-term governance and distribution of the risk-benefit, build standardized rules from clarifying the basic conceptual elements of microplastics and promoting legal expression; establish microplastics regulation rules from strengthening the source reduction of plastic products, risk control of public behavior and establishing the taxation system of plastic products, etc; establish comprehensive governance rules for microplastics in terms of prior assessment of microplastic pollution risks, prevention of transboundary transfer of pollution and equitable relief after pollution occurs. In terms of the construction of the normative system, formulating special regulations for the governance of microplastics, promoting the connection and improvement of the content of microplastics governance and the environmental legal system, and revising the environmental technical standards and product standards related to microplastics, so as to provide normative guidance for the practical governance of microplastics pollution in China at the level of jurisprudence methodology.