The development of science and technology finance is conducive to improving the quality of transformation of scientific and technological achievements and optimizing the allocation of resources. At present, the field of science and technology finance in China is mainly promoted by the way of government work, and the theoretical research on the operation mechanism and system structure of science and technology finance is relatively behind. This paper constructs the research framework of science and technology finance ecosystem from the perspective of ecology and uses the quantitative method of index design to deconstruct the gap between China and major countries in the world, and analyzes the reasons and enlightenment. It is expected to provide decision-making support for relevant policies from the perspective of top-level design while promoting theoretical research.