Built in the 1960s, Tsukuba science city is a typical government-led science city in Japan. Although it once attracted huge attention, its development has been underwhelming and does not meet the expectation. This article analyzes the history of Tsukuba science city and evaluates its current situation. Subsequently, experiences and lessons are summarized from an international perspective, and policy recommendations are proposed for the future construction of science cities. Concretely, first, we suggest that the planning of new science cities should learn from Tsukuba and emphasize building innovative ecosystems. Second, large-scale scientific research facilities should carefully deal with the relationship with surrounding core cities and maximize facilities efficiency through policymaking. Third, people-oriented culture should be advocated so as to promote urban functions, public service capabilities, and general attractiveness.