China faces a major historical test of high-quality transformation and development of the patent system and there are significant deficiencies to resolve industrial “stuck neck” technical risks and to improve the international competitiveness of core and critical industries. It is urgent to establish “the motivation mechanism for the transformation of the patent system” and “the transmission mechanism for promoting high-quality economic growth”. This article starts from the patent system supporting high-quality development and adapting to the requirements of building a strong country and demonstrates the characteristics of patent evaluation indicators in the new era. It selects four first-level indicators of the patent system, the structural optimization and function enhancement, the quality and efficiency of intellectual property protection, the protection of the intellectual property system and mechanism, and the contribution of the patent system to the national economy and economy, and constructs an evaluation system for the high-quality transformation and development of the patent system. The research measures show that: Beijing and Guangdong are at the forefront in terms of the evaluation, and it is urgent to achieve institutional reform and policy guidance to support high-quality development effectively; The indicators of some growth areas are not up to expectations, and it is necessary to pay special attention to the adjustment between growth rate and “quality, structure, efficiency, and utility”; some underdeveloped areas should simultaneously achieve the dual goals of improving the quantity and quality of patents. From the perspective of high-quality development, this research explains the shortcomings of the government and academia in the process of using traditional indicators to carry out evaluation and scientific research. This paper analyzes the historical evolution trend of the country in terms of the matching growth of the patent, the adjustment of the quality structure and efficiency, the strengthening of the basic system functions, and the reform of the administrative judicial protection system and mechanism. It provides a new theoretical logic for the high-quality transformation of the patent system in the new era, and then puts forward reform suggestions.