With the comprehensive promotion of the rural revitalization strategy, the income expectations of the rural field have been continuously improved, factors such as labor and capital have a certain degree of “agriculturalization” flow, which has led to the spatial aggregation of related industries and the functional evolution of agriculture, and gradually derived a new family of “agricultural-oriented industries”. The entropy value method, the Dagum Gini coefficient method, the kernel density estimation method and the Markov chain are used to reveal the regional differences in the level of development of China’s agricultural-oriented industries and the dynamics of their distribution from 2014 to 2020. The results show that: (1) From 2014 to 2020, the average annual growth rate of China’s agriculture-oriented industries is about 5.43%, the average value of the Gini coefficient during this period is 0.193 6, it shows a downward trend overall, indicates that the regional disparity in the development of agricultural industries tends to narrow, and its spatially uneven development situation is gradually weakened. (2) Among the main sources of the gap in the development of agriculture-oriented industries in China, the “inter-regional gap” has the largest contribution, with an average contribution rate of 78.37%, which is significantly higher than the “intra-regional gap” and “hyper-variable density” indicators. (3) The development of agriculture-oriented industries presented multi-level differentiation at the national level and in the eastern region, two-level differentiation in the central region, no polarization in the western region, and a basic trend from polarization to balanced development in the northeast region. (4) The development level of agriculture-oriented industries in China is relatively stable, and there is a phenomenon of “club convergence”, however, in the case of considering the spatial effect, the probability of “level lock-in” of the development level of the agricultural industry is reduced.