Central incentive, regional support and universities’ attention are the effective ways to speed up the transformation of scientific and technological achievements in universities. Under the cooperative participation of the central government, local government and university, an evolutionary game model for the transformation of scientific and technological achievements is established, and an ideal stable strategy for the system evolution is proposed; In combination with the actual situation of the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, the dynamic evolution path is optimized and simulated. This paper reveals the influence mechanism of key decision variables, such as the policy implementation intensity and subsidy amount of the central government, local government’s incentive and social benefit sharing, and the transaction value of scientific and technological achievements of universities on the evolutional stability strategy. The results show that the central government’s reward and punishment policy of “balancing leniency with severity” can effectively motivate local governments and universities to take active actions, so as to improve the efficiency of scientific and technological achievements transformation. Local governments should formulate reasonable incentive policies, build a “bridge” for the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, and actively promote school-enterprise cooperation. Colleges and universities give full play to their subjective initiative and constantly optimize the work mechanism of achievement transformation. Finally, a collaborative transformation path of scientific and technological achievements is formed, which is “Central incentive, regional support and universities’ attention”.