In the context of carbon neutralization, Arctic countries are collectively becoming resource powers. They have introduced large-scale and export-oriented development policies around natural gas, clean energy and critical mineral resources, and pursue the coordinated development of energy and industry. Arctic energy development presents three distinct trends: global resource suppliers represented by Russia, Norway and Greenland, regional resource suppliers represented by Nordic countries and Alaska, and Canada’s resource self-sufficiency route. The development still faces obstacles such as fierce competitions among big powers, environmental protection, limited policy support, and opposition from civil society. Development trends are expected to enhance the region’s international status, shape a new energy cooperation network, and possibly stimulate international competition. China should expand the scale and types of energy cooperation in the Arctic region, pay attention to the potential of emerging areas, and participate in more international governance.