Based on the two dimensions of efficient market and effective government, this paper empirically examines the intrinsic link between innovation-driven policies and urban economic resilience, using 281 cities across China from 2005-2019 as the study population. The research found that innovation-driven policies not only significantly enhance urban economic resilience, but also have a trend of sustained enhancement of policy effects. The mechanism analysis show that innovation-driven policies can have a positive impact on urban economic resilience through talent supply, rational allocation and environmental optimization. More importantly, rational allocation and environmental optimization, as important elements of effective government, can effectively alleviate the market failure at the technology supply level, thereby regulating the role of innovation-driven policies in promoting urban economic resilience by enhancing the technology supply. Moreover, the improvement of market effectiveness can positively regulate the mechanism of role of the effective government. The conclusion of this paper provides new empirical evidence for the efficient market and the effective government to combine, give full play to the economic effect of innovation-driven policy, and jointly help the economic resilience.