Resilience stands as a critical capability for fostering the high-quality development of Chinese enterprises. This paper establishes a comprehensive measurement index system for evaluating enterprise high-quality development, encompassing both outcome and procedural aspects. This system comprises six dimensions: quality and efficiency, sustainable development, social responsibility, innovation drive, risk management, and corporate governance. The research focuses on A-share listed enterprises on the Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE) and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange (SZSE) in the year 2020, evaluating the level of high-quality development across 2,693 enterprises. Building on this foundation, this study proceeds to analyze the mechanisms through which resilience capabilities influence the high-quality development of enterprises within an uncertain environment. The conclusions of this paper can be summarized as follows: Firstly, resilience capabilities enhance the process-oriented indicator of high-quality development, namely enterprise innovation, and subsequently improve the goal-oriented indicators, which are enterprise quality and efficiency. Secondly, in environments characterized by higher levels of uncertainty, resilient enterprises demonstrate a greater ability to effectively transform uncertainty into opportunities and conducive conditions for innovation. This ability is realized through the integration of stability and adaptability management practices, ultimately leading to improvements in enterprise quality and efficiency. Lastly, the elements that constitute organizational resilience, such as resource redundancy, organic structures, and a culture that encourages adaptability, all contribute to fostering innovation within firms. However, it’s crucial to maintain a certain threshold of reciprocity with stakeholders to positively influence innovation within firms. Beyond this threshold, excessive reciprocity can become an impediment to innovation.