Talents are the fundamental strategic support for China’s modernization development, and the theoretical path of talent chain supporting innovation chain and industry chain should be deeply explored. Firstly, a theoretical logic for the integration of talent chain, innovation chain, and industry chain was constructed. Then, the policies of China and the United States were compared to extract policy insights for building China’s talent chain. Three types of theoretical processes were proposed, including the “talent-innovation” closed-loop, the “talent-industry” closed-loop, and the promotion of the “innovation-industry” spiral. Moreover, the differences between China and the United States in the three types of processes include policy progression, policy keynote, and policy promotion. Finally, policy implications were refined and combined with China’s national conditions and institutional advantages to propose China’s propositions to stimulate the effectiveness of the talent chain.