Seeking to improve the quality of export products and cultivate the new advantages of export competition is an important way to realize the transformation from a trade power to a trade power, and it is also a major issue of common concern to policy makers and academics.This paper uses the matching data of China’s industrial enterprises and China’s customs import and export data from 2000 to 2008, based on the quasi-natural experiment of the urban and rural employment planning in 2006, to investigate the impact of the integration of urban and rural labor markets on the quality of export products of enterprises. The study found that the integration of the urban and rural labor markets has had a significant and steady role in promoting the quality of export products of enterprises. After participating in the pilot project of coordinating urban and rural employment, the quality of export products of local enterprises has increased by about 12.1%. The dynamic effect test found that the improvement effect of the integration of the urban and rural labor market on the quality of the export products of enterprises presents an inverted U-shaped characteristic that first strengthens and then weakens. The heterogeneity test found that the impact of urban and rural labor market integration on the quality of export products of enterprises has obvious heterogeneity, and it has a greater promotion effect on non-state-owned enterprises, differentiated products, enterprises in inland areas, and labor-intensive enterprises. The inspection of the impact mechanism found that the integration of the urban and rural labor markets mainly promoted the upgrading of the quality of export products through the improvement of labor skills, and the increase in labor costs brought about suppressed the quality of export products to a certain extent. The article believes that the promotion of labor market integration can achieve a win-win situation for the interests of workers and enterprises.