Green finance plays an important role as an engine for promoting green development and an important support for building a Chinese Modernization featuring harmonious coexistence between man and nature. Adhering to the concept of green development, China takes improving the top-level design and building the market system as the core of development, and takes financial innovation as an important means to promote the construction of a green finance system. China has explored a path of green finance development that keeps pace with green development practices and effectively serves the green and low-carbon transformation of the economy and society. It has contributed China’s experience and solutions to promoting international green finance model innovation and global green finance development process. In the past decade, the scale of green credit has maintained rapid growth, the volume of green bond market has expanded rapidly, green insurance types have been innovated continuously, green funds have been deeply involved in green investment practices, and the construction of the national carbon trading market has made steady progress. China’s green finance has achieved leapfrog development, realizing a major transformation from catching up to leading the world. Facing the new tasks and requirements put forward by the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, this paper puts forward the path outlook of China’s green finance development on the new journey from the aspects of promoting the construction of standard system, strengthening the construction of legal system, encouraging product and service innovation, improving the environmental information disclosure mechanism, and developing financial technology, so as to promote green development and promote the green and low-carbon transformation of economy and society. It will help build a Chinese Modernization featuring harmonious coexistence between man and nature.