Consolidating and enhancing the integrated national strategies and strategic capabilities is an important path for China to accelerate its national defense and military modernization. In the context of the intensifying strategic competition between China and the United States and the turbulent international political environment, the construction of an integrated national strategic capabilities brings risks and challenges to the security of the defense science and technology industry. The highly concentrated market structure formed by China’s defense science and technology industry in international political interactions, the low reliability of non-state actors under the condition of major power competition, and the information diffusion and leakage in integrated practices, together constitute the core risk elements of the integrated strategic capability building of the defense science and technology industry. Optimizing the industrial organization form of the defense science and technology industry through the cultivation of emerging field technology entities, controlling non-state actor risks based on risk identification, risk assessment, and risk mitigation measures, building a systematic and comprehensive information security management system, and enhancing international discourse power regarding China’s defense modernization are currently important ways to resolve and govern the security risks of integrated national strategic capabilities construction.