This study proposes the concept of open access deficit and defines the international open access effectiveness gap as a deficit problem. It mainly studies the structural deficit, cost deficit, intellectual property deficit, and science and technology governance deficit of open access resources. The differences in the effectiveness of China’s open access with that of Europe and the United States under current rules are assessed. This paper suggests that the national open access public policy should be constructed for the long-term needs of all-around innovation. It puts forward the value orientation and relevant suggestions for the construction of national open access public policy.