Based on the panel data of G20 countries from 2010 to 2020, this paper uses OLS regression model and Driscol-Kraay standard deviation fixed effect model to explore the driving factors and mechanism of improving the development quality of China’s supply chain ecosystem from a comprehensive perspective of spatial pattern. The results show that the environmental supervision of China’s supply chain ecosystem has obvious lag effect, and improving the technical level and institutional level is an effective means to improve the development quality of China’s supply chain ecosystem. The lag effect of China’s supply chain ecosystem environmental regulation shows significant spatial heterogeneity in three aspects: internal, external and functional. The mechanism test shows that the improvement of technology level and system level can promote the improvement of the development quality of China’s supply chain ecosystem and realize the modernization of supply chain governance capacity through the two paths of digital-driven growth effect and collaborative innovation climbing effect.