Previous studies often overlooked the role of education in population structure. This article introduces this factor into the framework of economic growth analysis. Based on the estimation of relevant parameters in the theoretical model, it uses numerical simulation to analyze the effects and mechanisms of education on population structure and economic growth. The research findings are as follows: First, education promotes labor productivity growth by enhancing human capital and technological levels. Second, education promotes population aging and increases the dependency ratio through reduced fertility rates and increased life expectancy, while also reducing labor force participation through delayed graduation. Third, the promotion effect of education on labor productivity outweighs its inhibitory effect on labor force participation, thereby promoting per capita income growth. In conclusion, education explains changes in population structure but does not exacerbate the economic pressures brought about by these changes. This article not only expands the analytical perspective of the economic impact of education but also provides insights for improving public education and fertility policies in China.