The transport infrastructure construction accelerates the circulation of products and factors, which is one of the important elements influencing the marketization process. Based on the panel data of 31 provinces and metropolises in China from 2010 to 2019, this paper adopts the Moran index to measure the spatial correlations of both the transport infrastructure construction and the regional marketization and formulates a spatial Durbin model for the empirical analysis. Then, the heterogeneity analysis is carried out on the basis of distinguishing the regions and transport infrastructure categories. Moreover, the robustness test of the obtained results is carried out by means of changing the spatial weight matrix. The research finds: The promotion effect of transport infrastructure construction on the process of regional marketization is significant, but it tends to weaken year by year; According to the spatial estimation results in different periods, the spatial spillover effect of transport infrastructure construction on the regional marketization is positive and significant from 2010 to 2015, but it does not play a significant role from 2016 to 2019; When distinguishing the three main regions and different transportation infrastructures such as roads, railways and inland waterways, the spatial spillover effect is also not consistent. The research conclusions provide empirical judgment for further exploring the influencing factors and development directions of regional marketization in China, and also provide theoretical supports and policy insights for formulating transportation infrastructure development strategies and efficiently promoting the marketization process in each region.