Constructing an identification mechanism for the potential middle-income group using family financial statements is of great significance for improving the accuracy of fiscal policies and accelerating the realization of common prosperity. This article aims to clarify the progress and shortcomings of the existing identification mechanism for the potential middle-income group in Zhejiang province, and to explore the application of family financial statements for agricultural entities, as well as the implications for the identification of the potential middle-income group. Furthermore, it proposes the ideas for improving the identification indicators of the potential middle-income group based on family financial statements and also the identification mechanism. The analysis shows that the existing identification indicators for relatively affluent groups from dimensions such as property, social security, occupation, and income, and the application of exclusionary methods in identifying the potential middle-income group, has its rationality. However, it still faces challenges such as inadequate authority in standards, insufficient indicator selection, and lack of dynamic correction mechanisms. Zhejiang province has explored the family financial statements for agricultural entities, which provides valuable inspiration for improving the identification mechanism of the potential middle-income group. The identification of the potential middle-income group using family financial statements has shortcomings such as a lack of key income and expenditure data, difficulty in unifying asset valuation standards, low quality of offline data collection, and lagging data updating and sharing. Therefore, this article explores possible ideas for improving the identification of the potential middle-income group from three aspects, the adjustment of exclusionary indicators, the supplement of the corrective indicators, and the selection of direct indicators. It also proposes several policy recommendations such as improving the rural households’ financial statements, enhancing the rules for family structure and economic profiles, strengthening the support from digital technology, and improving the supporting mechanisms.