To accelerate the development of new quality productive forces, it is necessary to recognize the current level of development and its evolutionary characteristics of new quality productive forces. This article uses the entropy weighted Topsis method, Dagum Gini coefficient, Markov chain transfer and convergence model to study the development level, spatiotemporal evolution, and convergence effects of China’s new productive forces from 2015 to 2022 across the country and four major regions. Research has found that the development level of new quality productivity in the whole country and the four major regions is on the rise, showing a spatial pattern of high in the east and low in the west, and the differences between and within groups in the whole country and the four major regions are narrowing. The overall change in differences mainly depends on regional differences. At the same time, the development level of new quality productivity across the country and the four major regions still exists σ Convergence β Convergence, different regions exhibit different spatial effects and convergence cycles, and opening up to the outside world, capital stock, and government support have a significant positive effect on promoting the convergence of the development level of new quality productivity. By conducting quantitative research on the development level of new quality productivity in China and dynamically examining the evolution and convergence of the development level of new quality productivity, this study provides reference opinions for promoting the development of new quality productivity in the future.