The “Chain Chief System” is an innovative operational mechanism aimed at enhancing the modernization level and resilience of the industrial chain. This study treats the implementation of the “Chain Chief System” as a quasi-natural experiment, utilizing data from China’s A-share listed companies between June 2018 and July 2021, and employs a multi-time difference-in-differences model to assess the impact of the policy on enterprise resilience. The findings indicate that the implementation of the “Chain Chief System” has significantly bolstered enterprises resilience in the region, with consistent significance observed after conducting various tests. Mechanism testing reveals that the “Chain Chief System” enhances enterprise resilience by improving industrial coordination capabilities, comprehensively optimizing regional business environments, fostering a high-quality enterprise ecosystem, and strengthening innovation and research efforts. The impact of the “Chain Chief System” on enterprise perseverance varies notably based on different industrial characteristics and enterprise attributes. This paper offers policy implications for enhancing enterprise’s adaptability and resilience in a complex economic environment.