With the development of digital economy, the driving role of context in achieving disruptive innovation of enterprises is becoming increasingly significant. Therefore, from the perspective of innovation ecosystem, a dual case exploratory study is conducted on smart blood context and smart vaccine context of Haier Biomedical, revealing the mechanism of context-driven disruptive innovation of enterprises. Research has found that: Firstly, context-driven disruptive innovation of enterprises follows basic logic of “context embedding-innovation ecosystem upgrading-disruptive innovation implementation”; Secondly, there are two ways for context-driven disruptive innovation in enterprises: product upgrade oriented mechanism and service optimization oriented mechanism; Thirdly, The core of the difference in the two mechanisms lies in the differential combination of context embedding methods, innovation ecosystem upgrading processes and disruptive innovation outcomes. This study expands the theories related to innovation ecosystems and disruptive innovation, and has positive guiding significance for Chinese enterprises to achieve disruptive innovation through the driving force of context.