The interaction between new quality productivity and a modernized industrial system is mutually reinforcing and complementary, raising a core economic question: in the context of high-quality development, which approach is more effective—prioritizing the cultivation of new quality productivity to drive the formation of a modernized industrial system, or using the construction of a modernized industrial system as the foundation to accelerate the development of new quality productivity? Drawing on the historical and hierarchical characteristics of productivity, this paper argues that empowering the construction of a modernized industrial system through new quality productivity represents a reasonable and effective pathway. From the perspective of productivity components, the paper further deconstructs the process into three “penetrations” and suggests that, given the key stages within this framework, fostering innovative enterprises, advancing “data factor +” initiatives, and strengthening the innovation system are crucial steps. Thus, under the guiding concept of constructing a modernized industrial system and establishing a new industrial development model, accelerating these components will facilitate the construction of a modernized industrial system.