The current international competition in scientific and technological innovation, as well as the development situation both domestically and internationally, have created an urgent need and higher demands for the scientific and standardized analysis of science and technology innovation policies. Based on a review of the development of science and technology innovation policy analysis both at home and abroad, this paper further clarifies the connotation, functions, and needs of science and technology innovation policy analysis. It proposes to construct a framework for China’s science and technology innovation policy analysis system from aspects such as the resource system, data system, method system, and application system. Additionally, it advocates for the advancement of the construction of China’s science and technology innovation policy analysis system by coordinating the planning of policy analysis tasks and objectives, building factual datasets for policy analysis, exploring methodological models for policy analysis, constructing policy analysis service platforms, creating policy analysis disciplines, and cultivating policy analysis talents.