Fulfilling industrial clusters’ digital transformation is the inevitable path to promote the high-quality development. Although multi-dimensional proximity theory explains the formation and operation of industrial clusters, the introduction of digital technology and data resource make the multi-dimensional proximity theory ineffective. Therefore, “digital proximity” as a key theoretical framework needed to be constructed in the digital context. It emerges and becomes the key path to explain the accomplishment of the industrial clusters’ digital transformation. However, the concept and dimensions of “digital proximity” are not fully explored, and there is also a lack of scientific measurement methods. Based on this gap, this study will analyze the concept of “digital proximity” and explore its structural dimensions and measurement scales. The research results show that “digital proximity” includes three dimensions of digital cognitive proximity, digital institutional proximity, and digital factor proximity. Research also develops a 14-item measurement scale. In addition, this study compares and analyzes the traditional multi-dimensional proximity theory to distinguish “digital proximity” theoretical framework, which is not only the theoretical extension of traditional multi-dimensional proximity theory in the digital context, but can also distinguish from it, with its uniqueness forming a unique proximity theoretical framework.