Root technology innovation is an important yet under-explored topic within the fields of techno-economics and innovation economics. This paper advances and redefines the concept of root technology based on the principles of innovation fundamental dynamics and biological metaphors. Root technology refers to a technological seed that establishes deep roots, grows upwards, and eventually bursts at a critical point, becoming a widely adopted meta-technology. Research shows that root technology essentially provides the “genetic source code” for its field’s technological ecosystem and it is foundational in creating these systems. Its unique life cycle is characterized by concurrent phases and metamorphoses, and can be classified into three types: weak, moderate, and strong root technologies. Notably, strong root technology innovations hold irreplaceable value in the innovation chain, industry chain, and value chain. This study offers theoretical guidance and practical recommendations for establishing paradigms in root technology innovation, mastering the innovation chain, controlling the industry chain, and manipulating the value chain.