In recent years, the global industrial chain has been accelerating its restructuring, with systemic risks becoming increasingly prominent. This study integrates the full chain international trade data from the upstream, midstream, and downstream of the global lithium battery industry to construct a dynamic complex network model that covers the closed-loop process of “resource extraction-material processing-end application-recycling.” Additionally, a five-dimensional comprehensive evaluation system for assessing the resilience of the entire lithium battery industrial chain network has been developed. The research analyzes and characterizes the evolution characteristics of the global lithium battery trade network from 2001 to 2023, simulating changes in its resilience. Based on the findings, a trinity strategy of “technological breakthrough-resource diversification-ecological closed-loop” is proposed. The study reveals that, from 2001 to 2023, the connectivity, trade closeness, and transmission efficiency of the entire lithium battery industrial chain network have consistently increased, indicating that the overall trade network is evolving toward globalization and complexity. Notably, since 2019, the instability of the entire lithium battery industrial chain has risen, with trade shifting gradually toward regionalization and multi-polarization. During the study period, the entire lithium battery industrial chain exhibited high heterogeneity. While the efficiency of the industrial chain has improved, its vulnerability has also increased. The resilience of the lithium battery industrial chain, in descending order, is downstream, midstream, and upstream. The study suggests implementing the strategic transfer of the resource supply chain industrial chain, shifting from the advantage of resource processing to the spillover of key technologies, and strengthening battery recycling to build a closed-loop ecological-resilient supply chain for lithium batteries.