There is increasing attention from policymakers and practitioners on context-driven technological innovation leading the development of modern industrial systems and new-quality productivity. However, theoretical research on the mechanisms through which enterprises, particularly specialized, refined, innovative, and unique (SRIU) enterprises, leverage context-driven technological innovation to overcome resource constraints and achieve technological breakthroughs and industrial reversals, remains scarce. This paper analyzes how SRUI small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) utilize context-driven innovation to achieve mutual advancement between technology and application scenarios, thereby accelerating the process of technological innovation, based on a longitudinal case study of Eyebright Company’s technological innovation from its inception in 2010 to its position as an industry leader in 2024. The research findings reveal that resources are a prerequisite for SRUI SMEs to implement context-driven innovation, transforming the classic process-oriented framework of context-driven innovation into a technological breakthrough path of “context-driven—resource bricolage—technological innovation.” During the process of context-driven innovation, SRUI SMEs sequentially undergo three developmental stages: the exploration stage, the development stage, and the deepening stage, actively engaging in resource bricolage activities. This leads the enterprises to conduct three types of technology-oriented innovation activities: research and development (R&D)-oriented, value-oriented, and expansion-oriented technological innovations. By focusing on the dynamic resource bricolage of SMEs, this paper sheds light on the theoretical “black box” of context-driven technological innovation in SRUI enterprises, expanding research on context-driven innovation theory and the development models of SRUI enterprises. It provides theoretical and practical insights for further strengthening the role of enterprises as the mainstay of scientific and technological innovation, accelerating the construction of modern industrial systems, and fostering new-quality productivity tailored to local conditions.