New-quality productive forces are green productive forces that promote quality-and-efficiency-oriented growth. Xi Jinping has emphasized that the relations of production must be adapted to the requirements for the development of productive forces. Patient capital represents an adaptive adjustment at the level of the relations of production, aimed at liberating and developing new-quality productive forces, and it plays an organizing role in various production factors. This paper combines the theoretical logic of Marxism with the historical and practical logics of productive-force development, and explores the role of patient capital in constructing a new-type of production relations that are compatible with new-quality productive forces from the more fundamental level of the relations of production. The internal cause of the decisive role of new-quality productive forces in the relations of production is that their original cultivation costs are mainly borne by patient capital, and the input-output and income-distribution processes of technological innovation themselves determine their regulating effect on the relations of production. International experience shows that after patient capital pays the original costs of productive-force cultivation, if speculative capital dominates the formation of the relations of production, it will inevitably lead to the generation of an institutional system of "capital-intensification excluding the real economy + technology-intensification excluding labor". Therefore, the new-type of production relations required by new-quality productive forces should be led by patient capital. Under the Chinese-characteristic system, there are two important conditions for new-quality productive forces to play an innovative role. First, China has a complete real-industry structure, which can absorb the costs of technological innovation. Second, a large amount of patient capital is invested in infrastructure, and the state bears the investment risks in the long-term. The top priority is to construct a path for the combination of new-quality productive forces and patient capital, and promptly nurture social enterprises to make them adaptable micro-entities, so as to further give play to the role of the above-mentioned two conditions in absorbing the costs of technological innovation.