Developing advantageous agricultural industries in poverty-alleviated areas is an essential pathway to preventing large-scale return to poverty and achieving the goal of common prosperity. Based on organizational capital theory, this paper constructs a theoretical framework for promoting the development of such industries. Using the kiwifruit industry in Liupanshui City as a case study, it analyzes the paths and mechanisms underlying industrial growth. The study finds that poverty-alleviated regions generally face “multiple dilemmas” arising from weak organizational capital, making it difficult to initiate and sustain development through a single actor. Embedding organizational capital is therefore crucial to breaking development restrictions. The power attribute of organizational capital helps the organization to unify development goals and manage dispersed resources of the region; the technological attribute facilitates hierarchical diffusion and transmission of technologies, providing driving force for the industry; and the institutional attribute strengthens collaboration and division of labor among industrial participants, enhancing operational standardization. This study contributes to promoting multi-actor collaboration and the sustainable development of characteristic and advantageous agricultural industries in resource-constrained regions.