Enhancing the efficacy of agriculture-supporting, farmer-benefiting, and rural-enriching policies is a crucial measure for accelerating agricultural and rural modernization and solidly advancing the comprehensive revitalization of rural areas. Currently, the agricultural policy system is transitioning from single-item support to multi-dimensional coordination. However, issues such as overlapping objectives, functional redundancies, and fragmented implementation persist among core policies like price, subsidy, and insurance, which hamper the overall effectiveness. This paper constructs a tripartite coordinated governance framework involving “price-subsidy-insurance” to systematically elucidate the internal logic and practical pathways through which policy coordination enhances the efficacy of agricultural policies. The study argues that price policies primarily create incentive effects by stabilizing market expectations, subsidy policies generate promotional effects through input compensation and structural guidance, and insurance policies provide safeguarding effects via risk sharing and income stabilization. The organic coordination of these three can form a policy closed loop of “Incentive-Support-Guarantee”, thereby improving the overall coordination and transmission efficiency of policies. To achieve synergistic effects, it is essential to improve cross-departmental coordination mechanisms, promote the linkage of fiscal, financial, and insurance tools, develop differentiated regional policy packages, and establish dynamic evaluation and feedback mechanisms. This will facilitate the coordinated, efficient operation of the agricultural policy system, thereby providing institutional support for high-quality agricultural development and sustained increases in farmer income.