The 30th Conference of the Parties (COP30) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), held in Brazil, revealed a landscape where opportunities and challenges coexist in addressing climate change and advancing energy transition. China’s proposal of the Global Governance Initiative and the announcement of its new round of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) have injected tremendous confidence and momentum into global climate action and energy governance. This paper outlines the core issues in global energy governance and analyzes the multiple challenges currently facing global energy development. It is necessary to promote the establishment of a fair, just, balanced and inclusive global energy governance system, pragmatically promote the global energy transition, deepen global energy cooperation, and adhere to multilateralism to build a clean, beautiful and sustainable world. Improving governance requires accelerating green energy technology innovation, encouraging enterprises to expand overseas and deeply integrate into global energy governance, making full use of international energy and climate organizations as platforms for cooperation and implementation, and coordinating collective efforts to ensure energy security and sustainable development.