Rural public cultural spaces serve as critical carriers for advancing the strategy of rural cultural revitalization. To systematically unpack the internal logic underlying spatial evolution, this study constructs a three-dimensional theoretical framework of “cultural time-cultural practice-cultural representation”. Specifically, cultural time provides a historically continuous foundation for spatial production; cultural practice drives the transformation of spatial functions through multi-agent collaboration; and cultural representation constructs spatial identity and value at the symbolic level. Based on field surveys and comparative analyses of 47 villages in southern Anhui, four spatial production modes are identified: the accumulative mode, differentiated mode, harmonized mode, and co-governance mode. The healthy development of rural public cultural spaces relies on the coordinated interaction among cultural time, cultural practice, and cultural representation. To optimize the construction of these spaces, efforts should be made to strike a balance between cultural inheritance and modern innovation, further enhance rural community participation, and promote the diversification of local governance and the deepening of co-governance mechanisms.