The Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China put forward the proposal to "strengthen the development of national security capabilities in key fields". As high-level capabilities rooted in the overall national security strategy and serving the establishment of a new security architecture, national security capabilities in key fields feature overall macro planning, long-term foresight and cross-domain coordination, and serve as an important pillar for major-country security games. Against the new situation, food security, resource security, scientific and technological security, data security and other fields jointly form a cluster of strategic hubs that underpin national survival and development, are most vulnerable to risks, and witness the fiercest competition among major countries. Under the guidance of the Overall National Security Outlook, national security capabilities constitute a strategic system mainly encompassing national security strategic prevention capability, strategic response capability, strategic coordination capability and strategic innovation capability. Based on the three-dimensional evaluation framework focusing on the urgency, fundamentality and relevance of risk impacts, the optimization paths for building national security capabilities in several key fields in China are specified as follows: enhance strategic prevention capability for food security, strengthen strategic innovation capability for resource and sci-tech security, and stimulate strategic response capability for data security. On this basis, comprehensively boost the strategic coordination capability across all fields to forge synergy in national security strategies.