The cultivation of future industries is a complex systemic undertaking whose underlying logic lies in the deep interplay and dynamic adaptation among technology cycles, market environments, and institutional supply. The core of systemic science and technology (S&T) strategic management is to leverage the government’s strategic guiding role across the full innovation chain, promoting the transformation of S&T innovation outcomes into market products and future industries. Under conditions of high uncertainty in technological pathways and market environments, governmental S&T strategic management must uphold a systems perspective and achieve dynamic adaptation and coordinated resource allocation. This paper deconstructs the conceptual framework of systemic S&T strategic management, elaborates a full-cycle management system extending from exploratory strategy formulation to comprehensive strategy implementation and iterative strategy evaluation, and then uses the robotics industry as an example to reveal the scenario-evolution logic through which it drives the development of future industries. On this basis, the paper proposes institutional improvement pathways within the S&T strategic management system, including strengthening the front-end positioning of major demands, optimizing cross-departmental and multi-actor coordination, and improving process-oriented feedback mechanisms, with a view to supporting the accelerated development of future industries.