This paper is an empirical study of the measuring method of competitive capability of agriculture. It first presents a qualitative analysis of some related concepts, and puts forward a theoretical model on the basis of it. The competitive capability of agriculture of Chinese provinces in 2001 is empirical analyzed and arrayed using the model. It reaches a conclusion that the essential factors of all provinces are rather balanced but generally with a low level of development, and the development of the eastern areas is apparently higher than that of the middle and western areas.