This paper divides national scientific institutions of China into four types based on the view of the competition characteristics of R&D products.National scientific institutions under monopoly market structure belong to state-run type I,under oligopoly market structure belong to staterun type II,under monopolistic market structure belong to state-run type III,under perfect competition market structure belong to state-run type IV.Institutions with different type should be managed in different ways.This kind of classification can provide new thoughts for contemporary academy system establishment and be useful for constituting science and technology policies in China.