The current severe situation of global environment has constituted great challenge to human beings. The conflicts between global environment, social and economic development in the countries around world are become more and more serious. The rapid development of the international institutional arrangement, which aims to response and solve the global environmental problems, has been imposing significant influence on the international politic and diplomatic relations as well as the competitiveness among countries. The paper attempts to analyze the impacts of global environmental issues on human society and international sustainable development progress and to discuss the unique role of science and technology in addressing global environment issues. It also presents some countermeasures and suggestions based on the national condition of China.