The author's study shows that China's grain production has been suffering from all kinds of natural disasters for a long time and natural disasters are the most enduring factors affecting China's grain production.To promote researching the relationship between food production and natural disasters,based on China's specific national conditions of frequent droughts and floods,this article tries to conduct an empirical research on the relationship between food production and droughts and floods in 1978-2006.The result is as follows: the droughts and floods are China's most frequent and serious natural disasters.This provides strong empirical evidence which show that governments should strengthen the agricultural irrigation and drainage facilities in order to enhance food production capacity.