Food security is a matter of paramount national importance and a core component of overall national security Common prosperity represents a defining feature of Chinese modernization, while increasing farmers’ income remains the weakest link in its realization Both objectives are emphasized in the recommendations for the 15th FiveYear Plan However, the pursuit of food security and farmers’ income growth often conflicts in practice The underlying causes lie in the small and fragmented scale of household grain production, rising production costs, and limited room for grain price increases To reconcile these objectives, this study adopts the perspective of the Big Food View, which emphasizes a holistic understanding of food security From this standpoint, we argue that policy should follow the principle of comparative advantage: new agricultural business entities should be encouraged to expand appropriately scaled grain production to secure food supply through efficiency and volumebased profitability, while smallholders should be supported in developing highvalue, specialty agriculture that meets diverse food demand and broadens income opportunities Practical measures include promoting moderatescale land operations, reducing production costs, enhancing value addition in the grain industry, cultivating diversified agricultural sectors, and strengthening policy coordination under the Big Food View framework